nuclear layer of cerebellum - vertaling naar arabisch
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nuclear layer of cerebellum - vertaling naar arabisch

REGION OF THE BRAIN THAT COORDINATES MOTOR FUNCTIONS AND MUSCLE TONE
Archicerebellum; Paleocerebellum; Cerebellar nuclei; Purkinje layer; Embolliform nucleus; Embolliform; Posterior lobe; Cerebelum; Cerebellar; Cerebellar cortex; Folium (brain); Granule cell layer; Cerebellar diseases; Cerebellar Arteries; Folium of cerebellum; Brachium restiformis; Cerebellar lesion; Lateral cerebellum; Celebellum; Cerebellar nucleus; Cerebelar; External granular layer (cerebellar cortex); Cerebellar activation; Declive; Granular layer (cerebellum); Palaeocerebellum; Evolution of the cerebellum; Molecular layer (cerebellum); Cerebella; Microzone
  • Base of the human brain, as drawn by [[Andreas Vesalius]] in 1543
  • A mouse Purkinje cell injected with fluorescent dye
  • glomerulus]] in the granular layer.
  • Schematic representation of the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum. Superior view of an "unrolled" cerebellum, placing the vermis in one plane.
  • Ultrasound image of the fetal head at 19 weeks of pregnancy in a modified axial section, showing the normal fetal cerebellum and [[cisterna magna]]
  • Sagittal cross-section of human cerebellum, showing the dentate nucleus, as well as the pons and inferior olivary nucleus
  • Model of a cerebellar perceptron, as formulated by [[James Albus]]
  •  doi = 10.1530/JME-13-0248 }}</ref>
  • Granule cells (GR, bottom), parallel fibers (horizontal lines, top), and Purkinje cells (P, middle) with flattened dendritic trees
  • Cross-section of the brain of a [[porbeagle shark]], with the cerebellum highlighted in blue
  • View of the cerebellum from above and behind

nuclear layer of cerebellum      
الطَّبَقَةُ النَّوَوِيَّةُ للمُخَيْخِ
nuclear layer of cerebellum      
‎ الطَّبَقَةُ النَّوَوِيَّةُ للمُخَيْخِ,الطَّبَقَةُ الحُبَيبِيَّةُ للمُخَيخ‎
vallecula cerebelli         
Vallecula cerebelli; Vallecula of the cerebellum
‎ أُخْدودُ المُخَيخ‎

Definitie

Cerebellar

Wikipedia

Cerebellum

The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. Although usually smaller than the cerebrum, in some animals such as the mormyrid fishes it may be as large as it or even larger. In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as emotional control such as regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. Cerebellar damage produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning in humans.

Anatomically, the human cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres. Its cortical surface is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in striking contrast to the broad irregular convolutions of the cerebral cortex. These parallel grooves conceal the fact that the cerebellar cortex is actually a continuous thin layer of tissue tightly folded in the style of an accordion. Within this thin layer are several types of neurons with a highly regular arrangement, the most important being Purkinje cells and granule cells. This complex neural organization gives rise to a massive signal-processing capability, but almost all of the output from the cerebellar cortex passes through a set of small deep nuclei lying in the white matter interior of the cerebellum.

In addition to its direct role in motor control, the cerebellum is necessary for several types of motor learning, most notably learning to adjust to changes in sensorimotor relationships. Several theoretical models have been developed to explain sensorimotor calibration in terms of synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum. These models derive from those formulated by David Marr and James Albus, based on the observation that each cerebellar Purkinje cell receives two dramatically different types of input: one comprises thousands of weak inputs from the parallel fibers of the granule cells; the other is an extremely strong input from a single climbing fiber. The basic concept of the Marr–Albus theory is that the climbing fiber serves as a "teaching signal", which induces a long-lasting change in the strength of parallel fiber inputs. Observations of long-term depression in parallel fiber inputs have provided some support for theories of this type, but their validity remains controversial.